Hydrogen as a fuel pdf

Hydrogen has the highest energy content of any common fuel by weight about three times more than gasoline, but it has the lowest energy content by volume about four times less than gasoline. Fuel of the future rachel chamousis abstract hydrogen is an energy carrier that can transform our fossilfuel dependent economy into a hydrogen economy, which can provide an emissionsfree transportation fuel. It is an ideal fuel from the standpoint of a completely cyclic system, serving as a working substance in a closed chemical and thermodynamic cycle. One clear trend in demand on power generation systems like gas turbines is the increasing need for fuel flexibility. Hydrogen when used as a fuel, like electricity, is. Consequently, hydrogen is the lightest gas, about 8 times lighter than methane representing natural gas. As for the hydrogen being odorless and undetectable, this can be offset to some extent by the addition of odorants to hydrogen fuel, giving the hydrogen an artificial yet detectable smell. The focus of this study is the issue of sustainable mobility through fuel cells and hydrogen h2. Even the production of hydrogen gas can be emissionsfree with the use of renewable energy sources. A fuel cell is a device that generates electrical power through a chemical reaction by converting a fuel hydrogen into electricity.

How clean are hydrogen fuel fact sheet cell electric vehicles. Dominated as it is by fossil fuels oil, gas and coal, our current energy system has left a dual threat hovering over our environment, exposing the planet to the. The hydrogen fuel cells convert compressed hydrogen from their fuel tanks into electricity that powers the electric motor in the vehicle, providing a similar range to vehicles powered by internal combustion engines using gasoline or diesel. Hydrogen can be producedseparatedfrom a variety of sources including water, fossil fuels, or biomass and used as a source of energy or fuel. The fuel processor converts the natural gas, through the process of reformation, into a hydrogenrich gas composed primarily of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen h 2 is an alternative fuel that can be produced from diverse domestic resources. It can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines. Hydrogen as an alternative fuel oregon state university. Since renewable energy sources solar, wind, andor biomass are available in all parts of the world, all countries will have access to hydrogen fuel. Launched during the 2017 world economic forum in davos, the growing coalition of ceos have the ambition to. With time, the fuel molecule has become smaller, leaner in carbon, and richer in hydrogen. Hydrogen is one of lowercarbon fuels currently used in california. Hydrogen as engine fuel internal combustion engine.

Transport and the hydrogen economy world nuclear association. Wysseraotell i rect, carried out with power produced with a high share of renewables in electricity generation ensuring the decarbonisation. A fuel cell is composed of an anode, cathode, and an electrolyte membrane. By contrast, in higher alkanes such as petrol and diesel fuel the carbonhydrogen ratio is. Hydrogen economy is a concept that was proposed by professor john bockris in 1970, although it was proposed earlier by j. A transition to hydrogen as a major fuel in the next 50 years could fundamentally transform the u. Currently, drivers of lightduty fuel cell electric vehicles fcevs can fuel up at retail stations in less than 5 minutes and obtain a driving range of more than 300 miles. Safety planning for hydrogen and fuel cell projects. Hydrogen as engine fuel free download as powerpoint presentation. Hydrogen fuel has different sources the carbon emissions associated with hydrogen fuel production depend on the source of hydrogen typically, natural gas or water, the process used to extract it. Deployment of sufficient fueling infrastructure for the coming zev fleet is a necessary first step, as recognized by the passage of assembly bill 8 in 20. The last major move was to methane, which is a much cleaner burn than gasoline. Hydrogen as a fuel gas generating hydrogen fuel gas for flame ionization detectors in gas chromatography market application publication generates a continuous supply of 99. At stoichiometric conditions, hydrogen dis places about 30% of the combustion chamber, compared to about 1 to 2% for gasoline.

The membrane allows only the protons to pass through it. It is a cleanburning fuel, and when combined with oxygen in a fuel cell, hydrogen produces heat and electricity with only water vapor as a. As the hydrogen disperses the odorant wont necessarily travel with it, but youll be able to determine that a hydrogen leak has occurred and take. Hydrogen powered cars also have the advantage of being able to cover long distances, and only take a few. Technically, the two chemicals do not have to be hydrogen and oxygen. Before the h 2 and o 2 can join to become water h 2o the molecules must be pulled apart.

This particular unit incorporates a fuel processor so that natural gas can be used as a fuel. Hydrogen produced by electrolysis using hydro or nucleargenerated electricity will be available in canada at prices competitive with other portable forms of energy before the end of the century. Paving the way for hydrogen fuel cell electric cars significant growth in zev deployment over the coming decades is necessary to meet the states climate and air quality goals. Introduction fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner. A fuel cell is two to three times more efficient than an internal combustion engine running on gasoline. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles climate techbook 3lack of any ghg emissions and few other air pollutants during vehicle operation and the potential for very low or no upstream ghg emissions associated with hydrogen fuel production.

Kathy ayers, monjid hamdan, kevin harrison a a approved by. The new chemistry of fuel cells g e tty imag e s hydrogen ions are formed when electrons are removed from h2. Using hydrogen as gas turbine fuel article pdf available in journal of engineering for gas turbines and power 1271 january 2005 with 4,808 reads how we measure reads. When we think of hydrogen and mobility, fuel cell electric vehicles. Model analysis validated in field experiment testing. Next step maritime fuel cell generator will be field tested at scripps institution of. A durable fuel cell power system including hydrogen storage that achieves 60% energy efficiency when operating at peak power and that offers a 325 wkg power density and 220 wl operating on hydrogen. Hydrogen production cost from pem electrolysis 2019 originators. In the1960s, international fuel cells in windsor connecticut developed a fuel cell power. Hydrogen fueling infrastructure california air resources board. There are a number of uses for hydrogen as a fuel for transport applications. Fuel cell electric buses for zeroemission public transit. The only moving parts in a h 2 fuel cell are the fuels. It has been considered as a promising candidate for an environmentally friendly source of alternative energy to the conventional fossil fuels in meeting the worlds demand 19.

Local hydrogen networks could also be used to fuel conventional or fuel cell vehicles. Hydrogen energy and fuel cells european commission europa eu. It has begun to be used in commercial fuel cell vehicles, such as passenger cars, and has been used in fuel cell buses for many years. Most substances will change from one of these states to another depending on the temperature and pressure of. A typical fuel cell works by passing hydrogen through the anode of a fuel cell and oxygen through the cathode. In the united states, fuel cell cars seem all but dead, vanquished. Hydrogen use in vehicles is a major focus of fuel cell research and development. Nrel serves as the energy departments showcase for cuttingedge fuel cell cars. Produced by college of the desert and sunline transit agency with funding from the u. Fuel cells do not need to be periodically recharged like batteries, but instead continue to produce electricity as long as a fuel source is provided. This concept is based on the principle that hydrogen can be employed as a potential fuel and is considered to be an energy carrier. A pem proton exchange membrane cell uses hydrogen gas h 2 and oxygen gas o 2 as fuel. Although hydrogen is in its infancy in the market as a transportation fuel, government and industry are working toward clean, economical, and safe hydrogen production and distribution for widespread use in fuel cell electric vehicles fcevs. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil, nuclear, and renewable resources, thus encouraging diversity in the nations energy supplies.

Advantages of hydrogen as a fuel hydrogen fuel cells play an important role in providing power and storing them. Sunita satyapal introduction fy 2019 annual progress report 2 doe hydrogen and fuel cells program. A range of standard solutions exists today to deliver or produce, store and dispense hydrogen at transit bus depots. Hydrogen is widely seen as a future transport fuel, in the short term, hybrid electric vehicles have potential to increase the demand for baseload power from grid systems.

The products of the reaction in the cell are water, electricity, and heat. Pdf using hydrogen as gas turbine fuel researchgate. The use of liquid hydrogen as a longterm replacement for hydrocarbon fuel for land and air transportation seems technically feasible. The molecules of fuel are hydrogen h 2 and oxygen o 2 color the h2 red and the o2 blue in the fuel cell diagram. Hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies course manual. Hydrogen fuel allows zero emission transit without requiring grid strengthening. Nrel, sandia team to improve hydrogen fueling infrastructure. Deficits created by fuels that exceed the mandated ci must be offset with credits generated by lower ci fuels. When run on hydrogenrich reformate gas mixtures, some harmful emissions result although they are.

An effective project safety plan is essential to identify risks, avoid potential incidents, and guide the safe conduct of all work related to the development and operation of hydrogen and fuel cell equipment. As stated earlier, fuel cells can function as a power backup storage for large and small scale power grids, moreover, fuel cells can provide electrical power for remote locations. Jun 14, 2019 hydrogen, which has been touted as the fuel of the future much of the past five decades, may finally be on the verge of converting its potential to reality. It covers hydrogen properties, use, and safety as well as fuel cell technologies, systems, engine design, safety, and maintenance. Most substances will change from one of these states to another depending on the temperature and pressure of their surroundings. However, in fuel cell vehicles, such as the 2009 honda fcx clarity, 1. Unesco eolss sample chapters energy carriers and conversion systems vol. However, in fuel cell vehicles, such as the 2009 honda fcx clarity, 1 kg provides about 68 miles of travel 3. The hype about hydrogen offers a hypefree explanation of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, takes a hard look at the practical difficulties of transitioning to a hydrogen economy, and reveals. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles require fueling at intervals comparable to a gasoline powered vehicle. The hydrogen council is a global initiative of leading energy, transport and industry companies with a united vision and longterm ambition for hydrogen to foster the energy transition. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its byproduct. Neither the european commission nor any person acting.

In its purest form, hydrogen is a nontoxic colorless and odorless gas. Fueling a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle requires approximately five. Furthermore, the cost of burning fossil fuels to generate electricity for electrolysis is three to five times that of reforming the hydrogen directly from the fossil fuel. The use of hydrogen in the production of transport fuels from crude oil is increasing rapidly. For future energy security and environmental concerns other gases like biogas and hydrogen gas are likely to be used. This paper examines the use of carbonfree electrolytic hydrogen as a motor vehicle fuel and as a fuel for fuel. Hydrogen fuel cell technology represents one of the. Our future move is expected to be to hydrogen, which has the potential to solve both the environmental hazards faced by humankind. Despite its abundance in the universe, hydrogen does not occur freely on earth, as it reacts very readily with other elements. This fueling activity will likely require vehicle owners and operators to operate fueling equipment, although in some states all fueling is conducted by fueling station personnel. The gravimetric higher heating value hhv 4 of a fuel gas are of little relevance for practical applications. Hydrogen fuel is a new kind of renewable and clean energy. Hydrogen fuel cell technology for the sustainable future of.

Nrel uses fuel cells to increase the range of battery electric vehicles. As a result, current low emission systems that rely on careful fuel air mixing e. Hydrogen, renewables and energy storage a compilation of studies, reports and announcements california fuel cell partnership 3 study on early business cases for h2 in energy storage and more broadly power to h2 applications, fuel cell and hydrogen joint undertaking, june 2017. Federal transit administration, this course manual features technical information on the use of hydrogen as a transportation fuel. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle market statistics, trends. Hydrogen fuel is a zeroemission fuel burned with oxygen. Hydrogen fuel is an ecofriendly fuel which uses electrochemical cells, or combustion in internal engines, to power vehicles and electric devices. Yet with more reactive hydrogen added, the likelihood of flashback increases. This calls for immediate actions to promote greenhouse gas emissionsfree energy sources such as renewable energy sources, alternative fuels for transport and. Although fuel cells and batteries are both considered electrochemical cells and consist of similar structure, fuel cells require a continuous source of fuel and oxygen to run. The interest in hydrogen as a transportation fuel is based on its potential for domestic production and use in fuel cells for high efficiency, zeroemission electric vehicles. In general, the volume available for fuel tanks is limited, not only in automotive applications. Consequently less of the combustion chamber can be occupied by air.

Green hydrogen, produced with renewable electricity, is projected to grow rapidly in the coming years. Hydrogen fuel deployments around the world have proven fuel cell electric buses can be fueled safely and efficiently in the depot. Hydrogen, when used in a fuel cell to provide electricity, is an emissionsfree alternative fuel produced from diverse energy sources. It can be produced from abundant fossil fuels such as coal without unde sirable co. This is a big improvement over internal combustion. An inhouse hydrogen generator is completely automatic and requires a minimum of maintenance. Nrel facilitates installment of advanced hydrogen fuel station in washington, d. A fuel cell is a device that converts chemical potential energy energy stored in molecular bonds into electrical energy. Because hydrogen does not exist freely in nature and is only produced from other sources of energy, it is known as an energy carrier. Hydrogen energy and fuel cells a vision of our future 05 h ydrogen and fuel cells are seen by many as key solutions for the 21st century, enabling clean efficient production of power and heat from a range of primary energy sources. The energyperunitweight advantage a factor of 3 over gasoline or any other hydrocarbon fuel makes liquid. Tim karlsson the international partnership for hydrogen and fuel cells in the economy, iphe. Hydrogen is an energy carrier that can be used in internal combustion engines or fuel cells producing virtually no greenhouse gas emissions when combusted. Next step maritime fuel cell generator will be field tested at scripps institution of oceanography in.

Hydrogen production is the first fundamental pre condition of a hydrogen power plant, and four decarbonised hydrogen production paths are identified here see also figure 3. Nuclear energy can be used to make hydrogen electrolytically, and in the future hightemperature reactors are likely to be used. Current uses in the united kingdom and abroad include buses, taxis, passenger cars, vans, scooters, forklift trucks, boats and ferries. Clean energy technology network, paul lucchese iea hydrogen tcp and capenergies and. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, though it is not found naturally on earth. Hydrogen, which has been touted as the fuel of the future much of the past five decades, may finally be on the verge of converting its potential to reality. Yet several key hurdles must be overcome before the introduction of fcvs on a large scale can become possible. Types of fuel cells fuel cell type electrolyte anode gas cathode gas temp oc efficiency % proton ex membrane pem solid polymer membrane hydrogen pure or atm oxygen 75 35 60 alkaline afc potassium hydroxide hydrogen pure oxygen hydrogen evolves at the cathode and oxygen at the anode as the water is broken into its constituent elements by electrolysis. A presentation on how better hydrogen can be over traditional petroleum based products in ic engines. Van vorst, frano barbir encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1960s led to renewed interest and usage of fuel cells and the use of hydrogen therein.